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The hyaline cartilage at the end of bones will become thicker and better at shock absorption.

Tendons will become thicker and able to withstand greater force.

Ligaments will stretch slightly to enable greater flexibility at the joint.

Exercise will make the muscle more effective and more efficient.

High intensity low duration exercise will produce strength, size and power gains while low intensity long duration exercise will produce endurance type benefits.

Tone; Refers to the state of readiness of a muscle. This is the state that a muscle is in when it is relaxed and how able it is to respond to its task. An unused, untrained muscle will have poor tone and will respond slowly and with greater difficulty to a task than a trained muscle.

Posture; Refers to the way in which we hold our bodies when sitting, walking or running. Regular exercise performed correctly will encourage good posture which enables muscles to work efficiently and will help to prevent injuries
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Hypertrophy; Is when a cell, in this case a muscle cell, increases in size through growth. Extreme hypertrophy may result in the cells splitting to create new ones.
Atrophy; Is when a muscle shrinks due to injury or lack of use.

If you were to undertake exercise that worked the predominant muscles of the respiratory system, - namely the diaphragm and the intercostals, then you would enable those muscles to take in and expel greater volumes of air in a given time.
The exercise required would have to involve these muscles working through a full range of motion (Deep / heavy breathing) for a minimum amount of time (20 minutes).

When talking about the effects of exercise upon the circulatory system it is more accurate to refer to “Cardio vascular fitness”
This is the hearts ability to pump blood at a sustained and faster, more powerful rate.
As such the most important muscles in the body, those of the heart, are being developed and made more efficient.

Heart muscle never tires but the more work that it can do with fewer beats the better.

The hearts work rate is classed as “Heart Rate” this is the number of times that the heart beats per minute.

In a trained athlete the “Resting Heart Rate” may be as low as 40 bpm, where as in an untrained athlete the RHR may be as much as 100bpm.

That is because the size of the left ventricle will have increased and the strength of the muscles which contract the ventricles has increased making them more efficient.

The heart is now able to deliver more blood around the body with fewer beats

- The heart pumps more blood per beat,
- The hearts recovery rate becomes quicker,
- The resting heart rate becomes lower,
- The number of capillaries increases,

Exercise can improve cardiovascular fitness by improving its efficiency.

It can dramatically reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.

It can improve one's sense of well being and raise self esteem.

It provides a relief of tension.

It can provide the physical challenges that some require.

It can provide the environment for socialisation

It can help to foster moral values i.e. team spirit, acceptance of rules etc.
In addition, risk factors associated with certain kinds of cancer can be modified by exercise and regular physical exercise can reduce mildly elevated blood pressure over the long term.

Exercise can also offset the aging process.

Regular aerobic exercise seems not only to help preserve neurological functioning into old age, but also potentially to enhance it in older people who had been sedentary.

Staying physically active appears to be more important the older we get.
Problems of aging such as, increased body fat, decreased muscular strength and flexibility, loss of bone mass, lower metabolism and slower reaction times, can be minimized or even prevented by exercise.

Exercise helps lower cholesterol levels; a program of regular aerobic exercise may help lower total cholesterol and raise the HDL ("good") cholesterol.

All of this points to the CV system becoming more efficient.
However it should be noted that in order to get benefits from any form of exercise, it must become a long term habit.

The benefits of exercise can be lost if you stop exercising altogether.

If you merely cut back, however, you are often able to avoid or postpone the loss of benefit for at least several months.






Booze does not make you Fat, it makes you Lean,  ..against tables, chairs, floors, walls and ugly people.
Decay is Optional.
Only one per cent of Americans over 50 vigorously exercise more than 2 hours per week.  This micro group experiences a reduced risk of dying prematurely in addition to multiple positive physical gains. 

Your brain is a thinking organ that learns and grows by interacting with the world through perception and action. Mental stimulation improves brain function and actually protects against cognitive decline, as does physical exercise.
The human brain is able to continually adapt and rewire itself. Even in old age, it can grow new neurons. Severe mental decline is usually caused by disease, whereas most age-related losses in memory or motor skills simply result from inactivity and a lack of mental exercise and stimulation. In other words, use it or lose it
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